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Heart Operation Surgery Information |
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Welcome to this website about: Heart Operation
Surgery
Information,
Coronary Heart Bypass Surgery,
Aneurysms of the Heart Muscle,
Valvular Heart Surgery,The
Atrial Septal Defect,
How Your Heart Works,
Reducing Your Risk Factors,
Common
Heart Problems,
Contributing Factors,
Non-Invasive Diagnostics,
Medical Treatment,
Patient Recovery,
Invasive Procedures, Heart Disease, New
Medicines for Strokes, Cardiac Heart Information, Open Heart Surgery,
Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery, Congenital Heart Defects Cardiothoracic
Surgery, Coronary Artery Bypass,
Causes of
Common Heart Attack, Pediatric Heart
Surgery, Endovascular Surgery, Understanding Heart Surgery, Arthroscopic
Surgery Treatment.
Unique search word is " 1traeh " ( Heart1 spelled backwards) Article Word Count 17,693 |
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| Misspelled words 1060 used to find this page 1 of 3 1traeh. heart, heard, hard, hart, hert, heert, heret, healt, halt, helt, herd, heelt, heerd, hered, hiart, hialt, hiard, heatr, herat, haert, ehart, surgery, sulgiry, surgry, surgirie, surgey, sulgirie, surgerie, surgelie, sulgerie, surgary, sulgelie, sulgary, surgarie, srgery, sulgarie, sugery, surgiry, surery, surgely, sulgery, sulgely, surgeyr, surgrey, suregry, sugrery, srugery, usrgery, surger, urgery, operation, operatiom, oporatiom, opelatiom, opuration, opuraton, oeration, opurashun, opration, opurashon, opeation, opurasion, opertion, opuratiom, operaion, opelashon, operashun, operasion, operashon, oporasion, oporation, opelasion, oporaton, oporashun, oporashon, opelation, opelaton, opelashun, operaton, oporatiegn, opelatan, operatin, opuratiegn, oporatan, opelatin, oeratin, opuratan, oporatin, opratin, operateign, opuratin, opeatin, opelateign, operaten, opertin, oporateign, opelaten, operain, opurateign, oporaten, operatn, 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Heart surgery data may go publicHState looking at patient death rates for doctors
State public health officials will decide
this summer whether to publicize the patient death rates for individual
physicians who perform two common heart procedures, giving Massachusetts
patients unprecedented information about their doctors' performance.
Governor Mitt Romney has vowed to make the quality and cost of healthcare more transparent, but the mortality statistics, covering thousands of heart procedures performed annually, will test how far the governor is prepared to push openness. Health officials in New York, which has collected and released mortality data for individual cardiac doctors since 1991, said the program has lowered the mortality rate for patients. But many Massachusetts cardiac surgeons and cardiologists strongly oppose making the mortality data available to consumers, saying this approach could actually hurt care by discouraging doctors from taking high-risk patients who are more likely to die. They are pressing health officials to keep private one of the most detailed and carefully analyzed physician data sets in the country. ``I understand there is a public desire for transparency and I don't want people to think things are being hidden from them," Dr. Richard Shemin, chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Boston Medical Center and president of the Massachusetts chapter of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ``Our fear is we'd hate to see a young surgeon who took too many risky cases be identified as a bad surgeon." The state already releases the mortality rates at individual hospitals for cardiac bypass surgery and angioplasty, procedures used to treat clogged arteries. In bypass surgery, doctors create a new blood vessel, or route, around the diseased artery, while in angioplasty, they open the clogged vessel with a balloon and may insert a stent to keep it open. The state's data collection program has not found huge variations among hospitals, with the exception of UMass Memorial Medical Center in Worcester, which temporarily suspended its cardiac surgery program last year because of a higher-than-average mortality rate. But the six-year-old state law that requires collection of death statistics leaves open the question of whether the state must report publicly mortality rates for individual cardiac surgeons and cardiologists, said Paul Dreyer, director of the Division of Health Care Quality at the Public Health Department. When the law was enacted, he and other officials decided against it, saying they believed it was better for state agencies and hospitals to use the physician data internally to identify poor performers and push for improvements. Now, Dreyer said, officials have decided to rethink the question, largely because of the growing national push by employers, insurers, and politicians to disclose information about medical care that previously has been kept from the public or not collected. Senator Mark C. Montigny, a New Bedford Democrat and a lead author of the legislation, said his intent was to give consumers access to mortality rates of individual doctors. ``The consuming public should be able to say that doctor so-and-so has this track record, and this is where I'm going to get my heart surgery," he said last week.
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Advocates of public reporting believe that it holds providers accountable for the billions of healthcare dollars spent annually and helps patients decide where to seek treatment, creating market pressure on providers to improve care. This is especially important for common procedures like cardiac surgery and angioplasty, which are often planned for months in advance, giving patients time to shop around. Doctors performed more than 4,393 bypass operations in Massachusetts in 2003, the most recent data the state has posted, and more than 12,657 angioplasty procedures from April though December of that year. The idea of openness has flourished in Massachusetts. The Romney administration has established a transparency website where consumers can check how many times surgeons have performed 10 of the most common or complex operations, including hip and knee replacements and heart bypass surgery, among other quality and cost information. Most major insurers are posting the cost of common procedures on their websites. And the private, non profit Massachusetts Health Quality Partners provides performance ratings for 150 physician groups on its website. Still, reporting mortality rates of individual physicians -- a measure that makes doctors nervous, because a bad number can ruin reputations and drive away patients -- is relatively new, and basic questions about its effectiveness remain unanswered. New York initially released the results for hospitals in 1989, refusing to do so for individual doctors. But the newspaper Newsday successfully sued the state for access to the information, and the state began releasing death rates for doctors in 1991. Now, state officials credit the program with improving mortality rates for patients. In 2003, the most recent data available, New York's mortality rate for bypass surgery was 1.61 percent, compared to 3.52 percent in 1989. Massachusetts' mortality rate for bypass surgery in 2003 was 2.25 percent, though it's unclear whether the states' rates can be compared directly, because of differences in the way they're analyzed. ``The whole effort has led to better outcomes in New York State," said Edward Hannan, chairman of health policy management and behavior at University at Albany School of Public Health, who analyzes the data for the state. In some cases, hospitals refused to renew the privileges of poorly performing surgeons or those surgeons stopped performing the procedures. But Massachusetts physicians who oppose public release of death rates for doctors see another reason for New York's improved mortality rate. They say that physicians, knowing their mortality rates will be made public, avoid performing procedures on high-risk patients, who are more likely to die, and refer them to doctors in nearby states. ``When you really start shining the light on individual doctors and their outcomes, then you really galvanize people who are worried about their results," said Dr. David Torchiana, head of the Massachusetts General Physicians Organization and a cardiac surgeon. Several studies comparing cardiac patients in New York with those in other states have suggested that high-risk patients are leaving New York, Torchiana said. One recent study suggested that fewer patients suffering from shock following a heart attack, who are very high-risk, are getting angioplasty procedures in New York compared with other states. But other studies have found the opposite, Hannan said, leaving the facts unclear. Dreyer said public health officials are deciding this summer whether to release mortality data for individual doctors because they now have three years worth of data, 2002, 2003, and 2004, enough to be statistically reliable for doctors whose annual caseload is small. Amy Lischko -- commissioner of the state division of Health Care Finance and Policy and the person in charge of the administration's transparency initiative -- said that health officials will try to convince doctors that publicly reporting the death rates is the right thing to do. But if not, said Lischko, the state is likely to go ahead anyway. ``It could be private the first year and then public the second year. That would be a reasonable compromise," she said. ``Eventually it will be public, unless someone comes out with a definitive study saying the information had a negative impact in New York. We're in an era where people want access to good information." |
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Heart Surgery
Valvular Heart Surgery If your heart valve must be replaced, your doctor will decide which valve is more appropriate for your heart. There are two types of valves:
Atrial Septal Defect
Aneurysms of the Heart Muscle |
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How Your Heart Works About a hundred times a minute, 100,000 times a day, 36.5 million times a year, your heart keeps the beat... the beat of life. That familiar thump, thump, thump tells you that your heart is doing its job pumping blood from the veins to the heart and lungs, where it is replenished with oxygen and then distributed back to the body through the arteries. How does the heart work? Read on. The human heart is really a pump, a powerful muscle the size of your fist that circulates blood to and from the body's millions of cells. It's divided into four chambers. There are two chambers on each side with a wall-like divider between them called a septum that separates the left side from the right side. These two receiving chambers have two passageways called valves. Each side of the heart has two valves that allow blood to pass through the heart. The tricuspid valve on the right and the mitral valve on the left regulate blood flow between the atrium and the ventricle on each side. The right valve is called the pulmonary valve and it allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, which supply the lungs. The left valve is called the aortic valve, which regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Diagram of the heartIn the normal adult, the heart pumps five liters of blood, which is recirculated continuously through the body. The blood moves from the heart into tubes called arteries, then into tiny tubes called capillaries and finally into the veins that lead back to the heart. The entire cycle takes about 60 seconds, during which the blood brings nourishment and oxygen to all the body's cells in the tissues, organs, muscles and bones. Here's a more complex description of the blood's journey through the body: The blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. As the left ventricle contracts, it pushes open the aortic valve and the blood is carried into the aorta, which distributes it to all other body organs including the heart by way of the coronary arteries. These arteries wind around the heart to keep the heart muscle supplied with oxygen and nutrients for its continuous pumping job. As wastes are produced, they are delivered through the blood to the right atrium through the vena cava. The accumulated blood pushes open the tricuspid valve, allowing the blood to pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle. After the chamber fills, the heart contracts and the pulmonary valve opens. Blood then flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery, which has two branches, carries blood to the right and left lungs. From the lungs, the capillary vessels carry the blood along the lungs' tiny air sacs. As the lungs breathe, carbon dioxide is passed from the body and oxygen is taken in. As this transfer occurs, the blood changes from purple or dark red to bright red. After passing through the lungs, the blood is brought by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. From there, the blood starts its course through the left ventricle and aorta again. |
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Reducing Your Risk Factors
What Is A Risk Factor?
What Are The Risk
Factors?
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Common Heart Problems Coronary Artery Disease/Myocardial Infarction Valvular Heart Disease and Endocarditis Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome |
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Non-Invasive Diagnostics |
| Misspelled words used to find this page 2 of 3 1traeh .eignvasive, iegnvasive, invahsive, invasive, eignvahsive, ivasive, iegnvahsive, inasive, invsive, 1nvas1ve, imvasive, invasiev, invasvie, invaisve, invsaive, inavsive, ivnasive, nivasive, invasiv, nvasive, diagnostic, dyagnoustic, dianostic, daignoustic, diagostic, diagnoustik, diagnoestic, diagnstic, dyagnoustik, dyagnoestic, diagnotic, daignoustik, daignoestic, diagnosic, diagnoestik, diagnostc, dyagnoestik, diagnostik, daignoestik, daignostik, dagnostic, diagnoustic, dyagnostik, dignostic, daignostic, dyagnostic, diagnostics, daignostics, dyagnostics, dignostics, daignoestics, dianostics, diagnoustics, diagostics, dyagnoustics, diagnstics, daignoustics, diagnotics, diagnosics, diagnostcs, diagnostis, diagnoestics, dagnostics, dyagnoestics, d1agnost1cs, diagmostics, diagnostisc, diagnostcis, diagnositcs, diagnotsics, diagnsotics, diagonstics, diangostics, diganostics, idagnostics, iagnostics,, medical, meical, medcal, medicl, 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Medical Treatment Medical Management of Heart Disease Cardiac Outpatient Drug Infusion Therapy
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| This page is about these topics. Welcome to this website about: Heart Operation Information, Coronary Heart Bypass , Aneurysms of the Heart Muscle, Valvular Heart , Atrial Septal Defect, How Your Heart Works, Reducing Your Risk Factors, Common Heart Problems, Contributing Factors, Non-Invasive Diagnostics, Medical Treatment, Patient Recovery, Invasive Procedures, Heart Disease, New Medicines for Strokes, Cardiac Heart Information, Open Heart , Minimally Invasive Heart , Congenital Heart Defects Cardiothoracic , Coronary Artery Bypass, Causes of Common Heart Attack, Pediatric Heart , Endovascular , Understanding Heart , Arthroscopic Treatment. |
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Cardiac Enlargement: A
Patient Guide What is cardiac enlargement? Cardiac enlargement refers to an increase in the size of the heart. There are two types of cardiac enlargement: hypertrophy and dilation. (Though usually occurring separately, they may occur at the same time.) Hypertrophy involves an increase in the thickness of the heart muscle. Dilation involves an increase in the size of the inside cavity of a chamber of the heart. Hypertrophy usually occurs in only one chamber while dilation may occur in one, two, three, or all of the chambers, based on its cause. In most cases, cardiac enlargement is abnormal and accompanied by additional cardiovascular problems. The one exception is regular aerobic exercise, which produces a beneficial enlargement involving both hypertrophy and dilation of the heart. What causes cardiac hypertrophy? Hypertrophy, or thickening, of the heart muscle occurs in response to increased stress on the heart. It typically involves one of the bottom chambers of the heart, which are known as the ventricles. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. The most common causes of hypertrophy are related to increased blood pressure in either the lungs or the body. The extra work of pumping blood against the increased pressure causes the ventricle to thicken over time, the same way a body muscle increases in mass in response to weightlifting. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the most frequent cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Stenosis of the aortic valve – a condition in which, for a variety of reasons, this heart valve cannot open fully – is another common cause of LVH. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (a disease previously known as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or IHSS), and the ongoing use of cocaine round out the list of most common causes of LVH. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease related to weakness of the individual muscle fibers of the heart. These fibers need to work harder to pump blood and become thickened over time. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs in 1 in 500 people and is the most common cardiac cause of sudden death in young athletes. The most common causes of right ventricle hypertrophy (RVH) are diseases that damage the lung like emphysema and cystic fibrosis. These diseases destroy blood vessels in the lung, causing increased pressure in the remaining vessels. Conditions that decrease oxygen levels, such as chronic bronchitis and sleep apnea, also lead to RVH. Stenosis of the pulmonic heart valve, repeated blood clots to the lungs (chronic pulmonary embolism), and primary pulmonary hypertension are a few of the remaining causes of RVH. What causes cardiac dilation? The most common causes of dilation are conditions that directly damage the heart muscle. The heart’s healing response is a thinning and stretching-out of the muscle. Types of damage include prior heart attack, long-term alcohol abuse, and heart muscle inflammation. Heart muscle inflammation, or myocarditis, is sometimes of unknown cause and is often associated with a viral infection or interaction between the immune system and the heart muscle. This immune reaction can be seen with inflammatory diseases like lupus or toward the end of pregnancy (approximately 1 in 4000 chance). Other sources of damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to dilatation, include:
Cardiac dilation may also be associated with thyroid disease. There is a genetic form of dilated cardiomyopathy, related to many of the several forms of muscular dystrophy; in these, the disease process which affects and weakens body muscle does the same to the heart muscle. Finally, problems with the heart valves can cause abnormal cardiac dilation. In situations where the heart valves cannot fully close, a condition called valvular regurgitation, a backflow of blood with each heartbeat stretches out a chamber of the heart (typically the left atrium or left ventricle), causing it to dilate over time. What health problems are associated with cardiac enlargement? With the exception of exercise-induced enlargement, all forms of cardiac enlargement are abnormal and associated with further problems, including heart failure, irregular heart rhythms , and an increased risk of angina and heart attack. Heart failure results because thickened or dilated heart muscle cannot function effectively as a pump. The diseased muscle cells in both types of enlargement are also capable of causing irregular heart rhythms that can lead to passing-out or sudden death. Because the processes which cause hypertrophy typically do not increase the amount of heart blood vessels to match the thickened heart muscle, the consequences of decreased blood flow to the heart, angina and heart attack, are more common. All of this contributes to an increased risk of death and decreased quality of life for most of those with cardiac enlargement. Treatments are available to help most of these problems.What are the symptoms of cardiac enlargement? Some people can have varying degrees of cardiac enlargement and have no symptoms. Once dilation or hypertrophy begins to place undue demands on heart function, however, symptoms do result. These can include:
In milder forms of cardiac enlargement, the symptoms may occur only with exercise or exertion. In more severe forms, they can occur at any time, even while resting. Other heart and lung problems and other diseases can cause these symptoms as well, so they are not specific to cardiac enlargement. How is cardiac enlargement diagnosed? Cardiac enlargement can sometimes be diagnosed based on a physical examination by a physician or other health care provider. A patient’s symptoms or family medical history, high blood pressure, characteristic heart murmur, forceful heart beat, swelling of the legs, or the sound of fluid in the lungs can be clues to the diagnosis. A chest x-ray can show an enlarged heart size or fluid in the lungs and an ECG will often show increased waveforms, indicating LVH or RVH. In fact, it has been suggested that ECG be used to screen young athletes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Unfortunately, cost issues are likely to prevent this from being done on a large-scale basis. The best way for a physician to evaluate cardiac enlargement is with an echocardiogram. This test uses a form of ultrasound similar to that used to look at gallbladders, kidneys, and pregnant women’s babies. Using a sophisticated computer and monitor and a small plastic probe and some gel placed on the chest, the echocardiogram can directly show the size and thickness of the heart muscle in each chamber. It can also gauge heart function, an important piece on information when deciding how to treat the enlargement. Is treatment for cardiac enlargement necessary? Is the condition permanent? Because any of the forms of cardiac enlargement will result in an increased risk of death and decreased quality of life for most patients, treatment is strongly recommended. Treatment may slow or reverse the disease process and help symptoms, if they are present. When cardiac enlargement is diagnosed early, treatment is recommended even before symptoms start. Unfortunately, in cases of cardiac dilation, whatever damage has been done is usually permanent; treatment will focus on improving heart function, in spite of the damage. In some cases of hypertrophy, however, at least some of the muscular thickening can be reversed by the use of beta-blocker medication. In addition, the calcium channel blocker verapamil has been shown to improve prognosis for those with hypertrophy by directly relaxing the heart muscle. What is the treatment for cardiac enlargement? For patients with cardiac enlargement, all underlying causes – such as high blood pressure, hemochromatosis, thyroid problems, pulmonary blood clots, sleep apnea, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lupus or other inflammatory disease – should be treated as completely as possible. This will decrease the chance of ongoing damage to the heart. Metal exposure or alcohol or cocaine use should be controlled or eliminated, when applicable. If medications for HIV or schizophrenia are a factor, risks and benefits of continuing or changing medications should be considered. Luckily, there are alternative medications in many cases. Those with valvular heart disease should have their condition treated with medication. Depending on a variety of factors, heart valve replacement or repair – either through “open heart” surgery or with a catheter entering the heart through a blood vessel at the groin, in a procedure similar to that used for a coronary angiogram – may be recommended. Cardiovascular or coronary artery disease (CVD or CAD) can cause dilated cardiomyopathy and can severely complicate either form of cardiac enlargement and should be aggressively treated. Treatment for CVD/CAD and its risk factors – smoking, high dietary and blood cholesterol levels, diabetes, high blood pressure, being overweight and sedentary – includes the use of medications, lifestyle changes, angioplasty with or without coronary artery stenting, or bypass surgery . In situations of either dilation or hypertrophy, heart failure can be treated with medications like beta blockers (to relax the heart), ACE inhibitors or the newer angiotensin receptor blockers (to decrease the pressure against which the heart has to pump), diuretics (to ease breathing and help decrease excess fluid in the lungs and body), and digoxin and other medications (“inotropes”) which improve the heart’s pumping strength. In severe cases, salt and fluid intake may be controlled. Based on a number of factors, the chance of irregular heart rhythms can be reduced by using a variety of medications. For patients at highest risk, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator can be life saving. For slow or blocked heart rhythms, a pacemaker may be needed. Due to the risk of blood clot formation in a weak, dilated heart, blood thinners like warfarin (brand name Coumadin) are recommended for those with very poor heart function or those who have already had an episode of clotting. Cardiac rehabilitation in the form of a structured exercise program can help reduce symptoms and improve exercise tolerance for those with cardiac enlargement. For some of those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, where the thickened heart muscle blocks blood flow from the ventricle, there are procedures to reduce sections of heart muscle and improve heart function. One of these, a septal myomectomy, requires open heart surgery. A non-invasive option, called an alcohol septal ablation, involves a procedure and catheter similar to an angiogram. Instead of using contrast dye, however, alcohol is injected. This causes muscle cells in the thickened septum to die, reducing blood flow blockage. Heart transplantation is a last-resort option for selected patients with either type of cardiac enlargement and severely decreased heart function. When should I seek treatment for cardiac enlargement? If you have any symptoms of heart disease, either with exertion or at rest, you should see a doctor promptly. Symptoms include:
These may indicate cardiac enlargement or may be due to other heart or lung problems or other conditions that may require treatment. You should also seek treatment if a family member has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In this situation, a physical exam and a screening ECG are usually performed. This may be followed by an echocardiogram, if abnormalities are found or if suspicion continues. Where can I learn more about cardiac enlargement? The following organizations offer additional information about cardiac enlargement: The Cardiomyopathy Association is a private charitable organization based in the United Kingdom which provides educational information and networking for those with cardiac enlargement and their families. Their Web site, address, and phone number can be found at www.cardiomyopathy.org. The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health has information on its Web site at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/cardiomy.htm. The American Hearth Association has information on the topic on its Web site at www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4517.
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Surgery Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (MIDCAB) Heart Surgery Postoperative Routines |
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Glossary Aerobic exercise light and repetitive exercise done over a prolonged period of time, such that you will be using the same amount of oxygen and energy that your body can furnish to your muscles. Angina an episode of chest pain due to a temporary discrepancy between the supply and demand of oxygen to the heart. Most often it is a chronic condition caused by a blood supply restricted by hardening and narrowing of coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle. Aorta the main trunk of the arterial system of the body; the divisions of the aorta are the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, aortic artery, and ascending aorta. Aortic Valve valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta. Arteries blood vessels carry blood from the heart to the tissues. The arteries carry the oxygenated blood from the right and left ventricles of the heart to all parts of the body. Arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis condition in which the inner layer of the artery wall is made thick and irregular by deposits of a fatty substance. These deposits project above the surface of the inner layer of the artery and thus decrease the diameter of the vessel. Atrium the upper chamber of each half of the heart. Also called the auricle. A-V node a bundle of fibers of the impulse conducting system of the heart. Cardiac arrest when the heart stops beating. Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. Calorie a unit that expresses the amount of energy in food. Cholesterol a constituent of saturated fat. The major component of the fatty deposits in atherosclerosis. Collateral circulation when small blood vessels in the heart muscle become connected to each other and re-route blood and oxygen to the damaged or deprived area of the heart. Congestive heart failure when the heart can't pump properly, blood backs up the vein leading to the heart. Coronary arteries blood vessels that supply blood directly to the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease also known as coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease; heart ailments caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries and therefore causing a decreased blood supply to the heart. Coronary occlusion an obstruction (generally a blood clot) in a branch of one of the coronary arteries that hinders the blood flow to some part of the heart muscle. This part then dies because it lacks blood supply. Also often called "heart attack". Coronary thrombosis when a clot forms in an artery conducting blood to the heart muscle. A form of coronary occlusion. Lipids a fatty substance. Metabolism a general term designating all chemical changes that occur to substances within the body. Mitral valve valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Monosaturated fat type of fat that has little effect on blood cholesterol. Myocardial infarct (MI or heart attack) an area in the cardiac muscle that dies after blood supply has been cut off. Myocardium the middle layer of the walls of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle. Polyunsaturated fat a certain type of fat of plant origin. These fats tend to lower blood cholesterol. Potassium a mineral in the body necessary for normal fluid balance, normal muscle contraction and for transmission of nerve impulses. Progressive Cardiac Exercise (PCE) a continuous, graded program of physical activity designed to prevent the adverse effects of bedrest, improve cardiovascular functioning and promote a healthier way of life. Pulmonary artery artery originating from the right ventricle that carries blood to the lungs. Pulmonic or Pulmonary valve valve composed of three cusps, separating the pulmonary artery and right ventricle. Saturated fat fats of animal origin. Saturated fat tends to raise blood cholesterol levels. Septum a wall dividing two cavities. Sodium a mineral that helps regulate blood pressure and the volume of blood, controls the amount of fluid around the bodys cells, and is essential for contraction of the heart and other muscles and for transmission of nerve impulses. Stroke an impeded blood supply to some part of the brain. Tricuspid valve valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. Ventricular septum partition between the right and left ventricle of the heart. |
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